دانشگاه حکیم سبزواریمطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک2228-716772420160621Dos and Don'ts of Rurality Logic in Iran: An Investigation on the Scientific and Academic Rural Studies Discoursesباید و نبایدهای منطق روستابودگی در ایران: کنکاشی بر گفتمان های روستاپژوهی در محافل علمی و دانشگاهی120161413FAرضاخسروبیگی برچلوییدانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطیجعفرجواندانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، گروه جغرافیاJournal Article20221123Introduction
The central focus of the research on rural research in the scientific and academic spheres of Iran has focused on the issue of displacement and population movements and the need to organize the population and to maintain the current pattern of dispersion of rural settlements for at least 40 years. In other words, how can we prevent urban migration? Namely that is the stabilization of the population and, consequently, the survival of rural settlements. This concern is the result of the intellectual movement that arose in the 1940s and 1950s against the irregularities of modernity in the country and brought with it a new idea of the concept of rurality. It must be returned to its lost past (non-manipulation of rural life and agriculture by external forces and decentralization of policies). It was considered an alternative model for rural settlements, in which "local communities replace national economic growth" and the people, culture and rural businesses growth evolve within the separate category from the process of modernization. The village was supposed to be defined in its own right and free from any interventionist policies - bureaucratic and scientific institutions. In the further reign of hegemony with a new trick, it also penetrated this sense and added its own sticker of rurality. In this respect, preserving and maintaining the plurality and distribution of rural settlements (preventing displacement and migration) was the closest target to the concerns of the rural movement and could replace the local community approach and fake it, and somehow with this excuse (salvation the rural community, and its liberation from deprivation,) will reproduce the lost power of bureaucratic devices and academic circles in rural areas in another way: Where any intervention would distort the principle of the village and the degradation of its intrinsic values such as nature, culture, customs, traditions, and most importantly the remnants of the foundations of the identity of the Iranian community. The purpose of this essay is to follow the importance of how the commonly used concepts of rural development in our rural studies are produced and constructed through various approaches to rural areas in the scientific and academic circles What Iranian academic atmosphere faced in relation to discourses rurality gaps in terms of research methodology?
Materials and Methods
Since the village in its latest trends in rural research literature has been likened to an area in which clusters of anti-discourse discourse attempt to impose their thinking and actions on others; we propose discourse analysis as an appropriate way to clarify the changes that have occurred in rural studies in Iran. However, a growing number of studies in recent years have shown that discourse analysis is one of the most effective methods for this effort.
Discussion and Results
In the country's discourses, the "establishment of justice" (that is, the rural community, which is appropriate to the urban community, has the opportunity to develop) is the core of the central. The signs that are fixed around this particular node are the rural domains that dominate our academic and academic circles. For example, by investigating the existing documents, including specialized books and novels, articles, proposals, newspapers, oral works and interviews, the domination of village discourses as "issues", "sources" and " an area for growth "was recognized in the history of rural research. This orientation creates a chain of "equivalence" logic, which is an expression of the principle of comparison / compensation. Due to the impact of rural spaces on global trends and the promotion of internal reliance-based approaches, it was expected that local sovereignty would be enhanced through local communities, but the local community was placed within government interventions and functioned in terms of symbolic meaning which was rurality. Indeed, through this hegemonic intervention and the central comparison / compensation axis, a different meaning of rurality was established in contrast to the efforts of the rural movement, and where it was necessary to delegate power to the people and local independence, it was actually promoting centralization and elimination of local people (something that is acknowledged by some rural researchers).
Conclusions
Rurality in Iran is not simply due to the abstractions resulting from the industrialization and urbanization culture with a poetic image, and the material and natural aspects of the excess of rural production and the flow of wealth and capital to the economy, and especially the cities, are also material. In total, the rurality has the mental-mindedness (symbolically attached to it by the state and the scientific circles), as well as the material (which is in the old form of production that is in the process of exploitation for the benefit of the national economy), within alternative discourse is identified and analyzed with the teachings of modernity (the lack of consideration of local people and their natural and cultural heritage).With the genealogy of this discourse, we find that the body of the majority of the villages of the urban and urban areas of Iran, which is notorious for rural life and without having to experience the inhabitants of the villages, have been subjected to mental recognition in a city of a remote and alien village called the village. And do not have enough awareness of local responses to external currents. If they have a rural root, they have somehow reacted unconsciously to suppress their rural roots. Hence, rural communities have been subjected to a series of tests and sequential errors in the field of science by professors, students, and experts, something that always places the least attention on the local culture of the people. In general, with the prediction of rural future by current patterns, emerging patterns that are currently underlined by academia and academia around the world are neglected and destructive capacities of local behavior are not considered at the micro level.بازنمایی خواسته های ساکنان روستایی یکی از مقتضیات فضای روشنفکری کشور در اعتراض به مدرنیته و بی نظمی های مربوط به آن در قبل و بعد از انقلاب اسلامی بوده است. با این اعتقاد که جامعه محلی باید جایگزین سیاست های رشد اقتصاد ملی شود و کسب و کارهای روستایی در مقوله ای مجزا و بدون دخالت دولت گسترش یابد. این دغدغه در حال حاضر با آموزه های جهانی شدن و دانش اقتصادی جدید مبنی بر اتکا به ظرفیت های درونی و توسعه ابتکارات محلی همزمان شده است. علی رغم روندهای عمومی ذکر شده، روستابودگی در ایران صرفا انعکاسی از هنجارهای یکنواخت جنبش روستایی و جریان های جهانی نبوده و تحت تاثیر انگیزه های هدفمند معانی مختلفی به خود گرفته است. درواقع، روستابودگی تابع معنای نمادین وایدئولوژیک شده و بجای اینکه به سمت تفویض اختیار و جلب مشارکت های مردمی حرکت کند در عمل دخالت دولت و تمرکزگرایی را به همان روال قبل در پیش روی خود می بیند. این پس زمینه از روستای ایرانی بواسطه تحلیل گفتمان از تحقیقات صورت گرفته در محافل علمی و دانشگاهی بدست آمده است. مقاله حاضر عناصر مشخصی از روستابودگی را ارائه می دهد که به عناصر جنبش روستایی و جریان های جهانی ضمیمه شده و منطق مقایسه/جبران (برقراری عدالت اجتماعی) را جایگزین هسته مرکزی جامعه محلی کرده و دست دولت را برای مداخله و سیاست گذاری باز گذاشته است. این مداخله هژمونیک -که در پیوند با هسته مرکزی مقایسه/ جبران می باشد- معانی جدیدی از روستابودگی را بوجود آورده که در ادامه به تفضیل شرح داده می شود. https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161413_9c2d17a70d7a37fa59a6cb88d8950b27.pdfدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریمطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک2228-716772420160621Survey of Land Subsidence, Perspective and Geomorphology Developments in the Denser Plains, Case study: Neyshabour Plainبررسی فرونشست زمین، چشماندازها وتحولات ژئومورفولوژی ناشی ازآن در دشتهای تراکمی مطالعه موردی: دشت نیشابور2138161414FAجعفررکنیزمین شناسیرضاحسین زادهدانشگاه فردوسیغلامرضالشگری پوردانشگاه فردوسیسعد اللهولایتیموسسه آموزش عالی بینالودJournal Article20221123Introduction
In terms of definition, gradual and sudden subsidence of land surface are two phenomena which take place by both natural & synthetic and the damages caused by this kind of subsidence can sometimes be catastrophic. Man has increased the severity and number of these hazards by exploiting unconstitutional and irrational natural resources. Although the main cause of land subsidence, according to studies in the Iranian plains, which is susceptible to this phenomenon, is reported as indicative of downturns of underground fluids, dissolution of subsurface formation, and collapse of karstic caves but other human activities such as land use change, construction, exploitation, or loading of engineering structures, organic soil drainage, subsurface mining or oil pumping are among the reasons for subsidence.
The first identified descendant is due to the unusual exploitation and extraction of groundwater for agricultural purposes in the State of California and in the Santa Clara area. One of the best examples of land subsidence due to the abnormal extraction of groundwater in the world is in the San Jacinto Valley region of California, where a 9-meter subsidence has been reported at its maximum point between 1925 and 1975
Today, land subsidence events have been reported in more than 150 major cities in the world including Mashhad, and in many places, such as Mexico, Australia, Colombia, China, the United States, Thailand, India, Japan, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Venezuela, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Britain, France, Occupied Palestine, Poland and Sweden.
Currently, among the 43 well-known geological hazards in the world, there are 32 cases in Iran, which can be said that among them, five major geological hazards include earthquakes, floods, landslides, droughts and land subsidence which seriously threatened our country.
Materials and Methods
This research has been carried out through historic method of descriptive analytical kind. Field measurements were used to collect data and to use satellite maps and images, and finally to analyze data and field observations based on the method of work. First, by studying aerial photos and satellite imagery over time, the trend of plain changes has been investigated and ArcGIS software has been used to create a database and analyze data, and the Surfer 11 software has been used to draw up maps of groundwater levels over five-year intervals from 1986 to 2014. Then, by integrating the water table and the groundwater levels of the Neyshabour plain and the groundwater abstraction site with the cracks created in different parts of the plain, the changes and the trend of the expansion of these cracks were all analyzed.
Discussion and Results
Determining the depth of groundwater for exploitation development, calculating evaporation from groundwater, studying its quality and identifying salinity factors, subsidence studies and agriculture are very important. The subsidence mainly results from groundwater extraction more than the abundance of aquifers, and any increase or decrease in groundwater abstraction is reflected in the fluctuations in groundwater depth. In this section, the analysis of the maps of the fall of the groundwater level and the level curves of the station in the plain, the condition of landing and cracks occurring in areas of the plain is investigated.
With the outflow of water from the aquifer of the Neyshabour plain, which is mainly done by drilling wells, the depth of water gradually decreases and this causes an increase in effective stress. Increasing effective stress in water-bearing fine-grained beds known as aquitard, which are not consolidated or are semi-consolidated, will causes the drainage of these layers and eventually decreases its volume and land cover. Underground water level maps in the area of Neyshabour plain using observation wells data from the regional water organization of Khorasan Razavi have been intersected after the necessary corrections by Surfer 11 software. These maps are shown in Figures 2 to 5 for a period of 10 years and between 1986 and 2014 years. These maps also confirm the reduction of groundwater levels.
According to the state of the curve on the level of the station in the aquifer of Neyshabour plain, it has been observed that from the year 1986 to the present, the fall of the level of the station has continued gradually and suddenly.
Investigating the above maps shows the decline in groundwater level in Neyshabour plain as follows:
From 1986-1996=15m in average
From 1986-1996=18m in average
From 1986-1996=10m in average
The annual decline average of water level = 1.4 m
It can be seen that the decline in the underground level in this plain over a period of 30 years is 43 meters, indicating that each year the Neyshabur Plain has a ground floor slope of 1.4 meters on average per year.
Conclusions
The findings of this research confirm the reduction of groundwater level and, consequently, the subsidence of the land and its role in the formation of cracks in the Neyshabur Plain. An analysis of groundwater levels maps over the past 28 years indicates an average annual decline of 0.25 meters in the plain. Underground decline has led to a decrease in the size of the aquifer and emergence of holes and cracks in parts of the Neyshabur plain.
The most important geomorphic outcomes and the forms caused by these subsidences, especially in the northwest, south and south-east of the plain, are classified into five groups, which include longitudinal gaps, discontinuous slits, circular cavities, large holes and hollows. The destruction of agricultural land and irrigation canals has also led to a change in the slope of the land in some areas.
Water transmission networks and oil and gas transmission lines and other civil engineering projects, including the Tehran International Railways to Mashhad in areas of the plain, are in serious danger of land sinking and the resulting gaps. Reducing the volume and storage of water is another consequence of subsidence in denser plains.فرونشینی سطح زمین از جمله مخاطرات محیطی است که بشر در دهههای اخیر به بدلیل برداشت بیرویه از منابع آب زیرزمینی در دشتهای آبرفتی با آن مواجه شده است. این پدیده همانند سایر مخاطرات مانند زلزله، خشکسالی، سیل، طوفان و لغزش از جمله موانع توسعه اقتصادی- اجتماعی و عمرانی بهشمار میرود. دشت نیشابور از جمله مهمترین دشت های استان خراسان رضوی از نظر کشاورزی و تراکم جمغیتی است که با اقلیمی خشک و نیمه خشک در شمالشرق ایران قرار دارد. در این مقاله با توجه به افت سطح آبهای زیرزمینی که حاصل آن نشست زمین و ایجاد شکاف در بخشهای مختلف این دشت بوده، تغییرات ژئومورفولوژیکی دشت و شکافها و ترکهای حاصل از فرونشست زمین بررسی شده است. در این پژوهش از دادههای ماهوارهایLandsat و Spot و نرمافزارهای ArcGIS Surfer, و Excel در تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها استفاده شده است. همچنین با پیمایشهای صحرایی و اندازهگیری تعدادی از عوارض ژئومورفیک، در نهایت به تقسیمبندی عوارض و علل ایجاد فرمهای ژئومورفیک حاصل از نشست زمین پرداخته شده است. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که افت شدید آب زیرزمینی در سال های اخیر منجر به بروز مخاطره ژئومورفولوژیکی فرونشست در این دشت شده است. بر اثر این نشست، ترکها و شکافهایی در دشت با اشکال و عمق و طول متفاوت ایجاد گردیده است. تغییرات این اشکال در طول زمان موجب ایجاد فرمهای متفاوت و عوارض متعددی به ویژه در شمال غرب، جنوب و جنوب شرق دشت گردیده که شامل شکافهای طولی ممتد، شکافهای منقطع، حفرات مدور، چالههای وسیع و فروچالهها بوده که این عوارض باعث تخریب برخی از اراضی کشاورزی و کانالهای آبیاری شده، همچنین باعث تغییر شیب زمین در برخی نواحی و تهدید شبکههای انتقال نفت و گاز و سایر تأسیسات عمرانی از جمله خط آهن سراسری تهران به مشهد و کاهش برگشت ناپذیر ظرفیت مخزن آبخانه شده است.https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161414_c862b548434438a1e041d2b221cd420e.pdfدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریمطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک2228-716772420160621Explanation of Non- Euclidean Pattern of Space in Urban Planningتبیین الگوی نااقلیدسی در برنامه ریزی شهری3948161415FAعیسیپیریدانشگاه زنجانJournal Article20221123Introduction
With the domination of Kant's epistemology and instrumental reason in social science and human geography, interpretation of space has been based on neo physics that it is often equivalent with intuitive and physical experience and the place of capital and its reproduction. Therefore, we have represented the ontological transformation of space concept and by the way we enumerate the characters of non- Euclidean pattern in urban planning. Intended purpose of ontological transform of space is the epistemological chaos due to functional transformation and unfolds of another view from existence and the entity of space. Unlike to the past each citizenship, simultaneously have been experienced amongst warp and woof of multi-level spaces in the different functional scales like global, regional, international, national and local. To urban experience, Euclidean geometry discuss on the organization of objects in physical space while non- Euclidean pattern in planning imply to collapse of Euclidean world order, sustained beings and standard assumptions that have been dominated on our understanding from world in the two-past century. Non- Euclidean pattern in planning is strongly normative and based on values. Ultimately the increase in population and the arrival of modern technology elements such as automobile or high-density urban areas have resulted in the disappearance of the interconnected space of space and socio-cultural factors that make the experience of the place or city meaningful. The lack of this field puts the need to explain the urban environment based on the non- Euclidean pattern.
Materials and Methods
This research is a fundamental type and its methodology is inductive reasoning. The research method is, also, analytical- critical.
Discussion and Results
The contemporary city space is a deferential space – time that makes itself. Time and space in the agriculture era meant the combination of a group of situations such as zones, climates, plants and animals and human tribes etc. Space and time in the industrial age has been tended to create unity and harmony and going on the direction of continuity and necessity. But the time and space of the urban period (now) are differential. The networks and infinite streams are different in overlapping. From the transportation ways to the information flows and from goods and commodities to signs exchange and symbols. Dialectics creates the centrality of a very powerful differential motion. The pattern of Euclidean planning is based on the concept of spatial planning that recognizes limited variables from view of economical rationality, linear attitude, centralism, prediction of events and organization based on comprehensive and long term plans. Therefore it faced more with objective and tangible and decisive definition of space. The contradiction between non- Euclidean planning and recognized Euclidean and geometric pattern specify the conceptual situation of each of them. Planning in new pattern is normative while competitor pattern is neutral in terms of normative and its basic criteria are efficiency in achieving the purposes and objectives that are often defined from external view.
Conclusions
The Conclusion is that this pattern is not based on quantitative indexes such as urban decision making based on prediction and pure and limited modeling from vast and qualitative realities of urban spaces such as metropolitan but like postmodern thoughts reliance on crisis of vast and modern narratives that had been a base to definition of place and space. Therefore, it focuses on non-geometry pattern of urban planning that it performs decision making and city plans with interference and participation of local communities and citizenships. In this process, the hierarchical pattern and from top – to – bottom that is alongside with Euclidean pattern of planning replaced with network pattern and bottom- to- top. Regarding to concerns and contemplation that exist on protection of Islamic-Iranian pattern of urbanism, the focus on non- Euclidean pattern in urban planning can be replaced with comprehensive and detailed urban development plans that often these plans have Euclidian approach and non-normative view. Also, non – Euclidean pattern is a suitable solution to old and immemorial problem of mutuality of person against society or originality of action against structure. Regarding of being- normative of non- Euclidean in planning and focuses on local communities represents a type of movement between action and structure. In other word this pattern is focused on both the individual and the community. با سیطره معرفت شناسی کانتی و عقلانیت ابزاری در علوم اجتماعی و جغرافیای انسانی، تفسیر فضا بر بنیانهای مفهومی فیزیک جدید استوار شده است که عمدتاً مترادف با تجربه حسی و کالبدی و مکانِ استقرار سرمایه و بازتولید آن می باشد بنابراین از لحاظ تحلیلی بر اصول هندسه اقلیدسی تاکید دارند. این مقاله به دنبال طرح الگوی نااقلیدسی در برنامه ریزی شهری با توجه به مفاهیم بنیادین برنامه ریزی از جمله فضا و زمان است. این الگو مترتب بر نوع متفاوتی از مفهوم فضا است بنابراین ابتدا تحول هستی شناختی مفهوم فضا را بازنمایی کرده و ویژگیهای الگوی نااقلیدسی برنامه ریزی شهری را بر شمرده ایم. منظور از تحول هستی شناختی فضا، آشفتگی معرفت شناختی ناشی از دگرگونی عملکردی و آشکار شدن زوایای دیگری از وجود و ماهیت فضا است. بر خلاف گذشته هر شهروندی به طور همزمان در میان تار و پودی از فضاهای چند سطحی در مقیاس های عملکردی متفاوت همانند جهانی، منطقه ای، بین المللی و ملی و محلی به تجربه شهری می پردازد. هندسه اقلیدسی به بحث درباره سازمان یابی اشیا در فضای فیزیکی می پردازد در حالیکه الگوی نا اقلیدسی در برنامه ریزی بر فروپاشی نظم جهان اقلیدسی، هستی های پایدار و فروض متعارف اشاره می کند که بر درک ما از جهان طی دو سده گذشته سلطه داشته اند. الگوی نااقلیدسی در برنامه ریزی شهری به شدت هنجاری و مبتنی بر ارزشهاست. بنابراین معطوف الگویی غیر مهندسی از برنامه ریزی شهری است که تصمیم سازی و طرح های شهری را با دخالت و مشارکت اجتماعات محلی و شهروندان پیش می برد. در این فرایند الگوی سلسله مراتبی و از بالا به پایین که همراه و موازی با الگوی اقلیدسی برنامه ریزی است جای خود را به الگوی شبکه ای و از پایین به بالا می دهد.https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161415_d877afb0e7b49a81b5199f2e99fa7638.pdfدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریمطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک2228-716772420160621Determination of Land Optical and Bio-physical Changes during the Major Dust Storm over Arid Area (Case study: the Southeast Area of Isfahan Province and Gavkhuni Playa Lake)بررسی تغییرات اپتیکی و بیوفیزیکی سطح زمین طی وقوع یک طوفان در منطقه خشک ( مطالعه موردی: جنوب شرق اصفهان و پلایای گاوخونی)4967161416FAمهنازشیراندانشگاه حکیم سبزواریشهرامبهرامیدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریحامدادبدانشگاه حکیم سبزواری0000-0002-0290-1908محمدعلیزنگنه اسدیدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریابولقاسمامیر احمدیدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریJournal Article20221123Introduction
The occurrence of dust storms is a common phenomenon in arid and semi-arid areas. Dust storm is related to erosion, transport and displacement and sedimentation of dust and fine-grained soil particles which is influenced by the activity of strong wind. Since the occurrence of severe storms can cause changes in the earth's surface, studies on changes in energy balance, earth's surface temperature, vegetation and spectral changes in land surfaces during such storms can be useful in recognition of the effects of storms on the ground. The spectral reflection and thermal remote sensing data are very useful in the reconstruction and modeling of land surface parameters that are not simply visible and measurable or studied on a large scale. This study examines changes in the quantity of surface albedo, surface radiation power, surface temperature, vegetation index and water vapor, before and after the storm in different units of the earth's surface and its use.
Materials and Methods
In this study, data received from the two satellites, Terra and Aqua of MODIS which includes a calibrated level and location data for 36 bands, with an accuracy of one kilometer has been used to study the land surface temperature, surface albedo, emission, normalized difference index of vegetation NDVI, water vapor, dust and cloudiness phenomena. The days under review were April 24, 28 and 29 and May1 in 2014. On April 28 in 2014 the region witnessed a severe storm at 20 m/s (72 km/s) that have been registered in Naeen Synoptic Stations at the above date.
Discussion and Results
Comparing the Albedo graph shows the Albedo in the day before the storm was slightly smaller than the storm before it occurred. The greater of Albedo in post-hurricane days prior to the days before the storm may be probable due to the removal of surficial layer of soil affected by high velocity wind in the stormy day and the other factor is that in the days after the storm, due to the difference in time and the ascending trend of radiation in the spring solar radiation is likely to be higher these days hence the increase in surface Albedo after the storm is due to the decrease in moisture content of the surficial soil. Comparison of radiation power or discharge of the area's use in the days studied shows that radiation power of land uses before the storm was more than the storm the next day (with the exception of the Playa which is less) and in all three days, the inverse relationship with the Albedo diagram shows that the least surface leakage was in the salt marsh, desert and Playa area and was the largest in aquifer and scattered forests. The lower the radiation power of the users after the storm than before the storm could indicate a change in the surface conditions of the earth, such as a change in surface moisture, because after the storm, soil drought conditions intensify. The comparison of the surface temperature graph shows that the highest surface temperature was observed before and after the storm in the sandy hills and desert lands, and the lowest temperature in the scattered forests and Playa. Comparison of the water vapor diagram does not show regular changes before and after the storm. Changes in the Vegetation Index indicate that before the storm, this index was higher in all uses than in the two days after the storm, while at least every three days, the least amount of this index was related to Playa and the highest was for scattered forests and Agricultural sectors.
Most of the land uses are rangelands (rich, medium and poor) covering about 60% of the area. Most of the dust centers occurred related to the poor pasture usage, which are usually prone to dust due to lack of vegetation. In terms of the rate of dust emission, the most emission rate is related to clay surfaces that cover a small area of the area, which indicates the relationship of the area with the emission rate of dust. Geomorphological map includes 3 units (mountain, pediment plain and Playa plains). The pediment plain cover a wide range of arid regions, and in this research most of the area (71.5%) is related to this unit. The highest number of dust source sites and dust emission rates occurred in the pediment plain, Playa plains, and mountains, respectively, indicating that the plains are susceptible to the occurrence of dust in the studied area.
The results indicate that 81 percent of the dust source area were observed in pediment plain area geomorphologically, covering about 71.5 percent of the area. In other geomorphological landscapes, dust centers are located in the Playa unit (10.7% in 17.5% of the area) and in the mountains (6.4% in 14% of the area) respectively. The results of land use survey showed that the most number of dust harvesting centers occurred in poor rangelands (35.3%) and dryland lands (27.6%), which covers 35.3% of the total area.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that storm occurrence in dry and desert region of Gavkhoni and southeast of Isfahan has an impact on the optical and biophysical properties of surface such as surface Albedo, radiation power, surface temperature and vegetation index. This effect is influenced by the type of soil and land features or geomorphological conditions were different. The severity of these changes varies according to the type of land features and its use, and the most affected areas are those that lack vegetation such as playa, desert lands and sand dunes. Also, changes in the reflection of land features indicate that the Playa unit, the sand dunes and the hills, the salt marsh and desert have the most reflection variations before and after the storm, and are centers for surface soil extraction, winding, and dust generation. The study of the direction of the slope and topography shows that the eastern and northeastern slopes have more reflective changes than the western and southwestern slopes, probably due to the fact that the soil is softer in these slopes and facilitates the harvest by the wind.مطالعه روی تغییرات بیلان انرژی و دمای سطحی، پوشش گیاهی و نیز تغییرات طیفی رخساره های ژئومورفولوژیکی طی وقوع فرایندهای کاتاستروفیکی نظیر طوفان و مخاطرات محیطی در مقیاس وسیع، نیازمند ابزاری قدرتمند همچون سنجش از دور حرارتی است. این پژوهش به کاربرد موثر روشهای سنجش از دور با چنین رویکرد کاربردی پرداخته است. منطقه مورد مطالعه جنوب شرق اصفهان و پلایای گاوخونی است که از منظر تنوع رخسارههای ژئومورفولوژیکی مناطق خشک و بیابانی چشمگیر است. در این پژوهش تغییرات کمیت های آلبدوی سطحی، توان تشعشعی، دمای سطحی، بخارآب، شاخص پوشش گیاهی و بازتاب طیفی رخسارههای زمین (کمیتهای اپتیکی و بیوفیزیکی) و کاربری آن، قبل و پس از وقوع طوفان توسط تصاویر ماهواره ای مودیس مورد سنجش قرارگرفت و نتایج نشان داد وقوع طوفان، شرایط خشکی خاک و دمای سطحی را افزایش داده و در مدت زمان کوتاه بر شاخص پوشش گیاهی نیز تاثیر منفی گذاشته است. آزمون T این کمیتها فرض برابری میانگین ها در شرایط قبل وبعد از طوفان را رد میکند لذا طوفان تاثیر معنا داری بر کمیتهای مورد مطالعه قبل و بعد از وقوع داشته است. شدت این تغییرات بر اساس نوع رخسارههای زمین و کاربری آن متفاوت بوده و مناطقی که فاقد پوشش گیاهی بودهاند مانند پلایا، اراضی کویری و تپه های ماسهای بیشترین تغییرات را داشتهاند. تغییرات طیفی بازتاب رخسارههای زمین توسط نقشه استاندارد اختلاف مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نتایج نشان میداد که پلایای گاوخونی بیشترین نمره معیار باقیمانده و لذا بیشترین تغییرات بازتابی را داشته و کانونی برای برداشت سطحی توسط باد شدید بوده است. همچنین بررسی نقشه جهت ناهمواریها نشان میداد دامنه های شرقی و شمالشرقی ارتفاعات، تغییرات بازتابی بیشتری نسبت به دامنه های غربی و جنوبغربی داشتهاند.https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161416_b2cbf0350ed0371bdfa93a6a9ccd06ba.pdfدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریمطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک2228-716772420160621Urban Settlements and Women's Security in Public Space Case Study: Sabzevar cityسکونتگاههای شهری و امنیت زنان در فضای عمومی؛ مطالعه ی موردی شهر سبزوار6885161417FAشفیعهقدرتیدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریتکتمروشندلدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریJournal Article20221123Introduction
Urban security is one of the issues that have particular sensitivities, and urban planners believe that cities must be built for all age groups, sex and classes in order to be safe, and that age and gender differences are taken into account in making them. (Tabrizia & Madanipour, 2006: 935).What makes this necessary for women is that the lack of women's sense of security is in reality a threat to the value of the role of mother, wife and sometimes the care of a family, and the safety of any harm that harms women and women from physically and mentally threatened, it will be subsequently transferred to subsequent generations. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the social safety of women aged 18-65 in Sabzevar. These goals include: Understanding the level of women's security in different residential areas in Sabzevar (upper and lower regions); Assessing the relationship between urban areas of the women's place of residence and their security; Identifying the impact of the class of social status of women in establishing their sense of social security; Assessing the relationship between the sense of belonging to the place and the sense of security of women in the city of Sabzevar.
Materials and Methods
The research is quantitative and data collection is done in a field study using a questionnaire tool. The validity of the questionnaire is formal. To achieve acceptable reliability, the test was performed with a sample of 40. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the social security sensitivity of women was 0.71, for the spatial sense of belonging equal to 0.68 and the overall alpha coefficient was 0.79. After collecting the data, the information was coded and analyzed using SPSS statistical software.The present research is related to Sabzevar city. In order to make it clear that the role of places and neighborhoods in the sense of security is clearly recognizable, the two old neighborhoods (Azimian) and the new (Sonalux) on top of the city and the two old neighborhoods (Imam ZadehShoeib) and the new (ChelMetreDovom) in the down town was selected.The statistical population of this study included all women and girls aged 18-65 years old in Sabzevar. 200 questionnaires have been filled in. Each of the quaternary neighborhoods of Sabzevar has received 50 questionnaires. Due to the lack of access to the sampling framework, a multi-stage cluster sampling method has been selected. Based on the review of previous theories and researches, a series of concepts and variables were included in the study, which included social security, socioeconomic status and spatial affinity.
Discussion and Results
Findings of the research indicate that among factors such as individual characteristics, socioeconomic status, place belonging and, of course, emphasizing the upper and lower regions of the city; variables such as age, place of birth, marital status and education level have a meaningful effect on the sense of the security of women in public spaces. This means that younger women, those born in cities, married women, and more educated, feel more secure in public spaces.The factors affecting women's sense of security at the neighborhood level are the level of education, the sense of belonging to the place and the area of residence of women. In other words, women with less education, women who feel more tolerant, and women living in older neighborhoods feel more secure in the neighborhood. Finally, it can be said that urban areas are one of the factors affecting the sense of security of women in the neighborhood, and the age of urban areas is their most important feature.
Conclusions
This study showed that the level of women's security in the public space in Sabzevar is relatively lower than average and the feeling of security in its neighborhood and its residential area is higher than the average.Comparison of the four areas of study shows that although the upper and lower areas of the city can affect the feeling of security in individuals, however, the old and new neighborhoods and urban areas can also affect this feeling, double effects As it is evident in this research, residents of the old neighborhoods in the upper and lower parts of the city have a higher sense of security due to their originality and their identity toward new and emerging neighborhoods in the upper and lower parts of the city.One of the findings of this study is the reverse impact of education on the sense of security in the neighborhood and its direct impact on the sense of security in the public space. This relationship can be explained in terms of the contrast between tradition and modernity. Women who have more education are among the forerunners in the experience of modernization, while the concept of neighborhoods in Iran is indicative of the Iranian traditions and values.In this way, it seems that women who have a closer relationship with their neighbors and locals, and consequently feel more secure in their neighborhood, generally have less education and vice versa. On the other hand, educated women have a greater control over their own circumstances in order to learn more and gain social skills, and feel more secure in the public space.بیتردید پیشنیاز هر گونه توسعه در جوامع مختلف و در ابعاد گوناگون، احساس امنیت افراد است و در این راستا امنیت و احساس امنیتِ اقشار آسیبپذیری چون زنان، اهمیت بیشتری مییابد. بر این اساس، هدف مقاله حاضر، بررسی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر احساس امنیتِ زنانِ 18 تا 65 سالِ مناطق مختلفِ بالا و پایین شهر سبزوار، در فضاهای عمومی و سطح محله میباشد. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و مبتنی بر روش پیمایشی است. یافتههای تحقیق حاکی از آن است که از میان عواملی چون ویژگیهای فردی، پایگاه اجتماعی-اقتصادی، تعلق مکانی و البته با تاکید بر مناطق بالا و پایین شهر؛ متغیرهای سن، محل تولد، وضعیت تأهل و سطح تحصیلات تأثیر معنیداری بر احساس امنیت زنان در فضاهای عمومی دارند. بدین معنی که زنانِ جوان تر، متولدین در شهرها، زنان متأهل و با تحصیلات بالاتر، در فضاهای عمومی، احساس امنیت بیشتری دارند. عوامل تأثیرگذار بر احساس امنیت زنان در سطح محله، سطح تحصیلات، احساس تعلق مکانی و منطقه ی سکونت زنان هستند. به عبارت دیگر زنان با تحصیلات کمتر، زنانی که احساس تعلق مکانی بیشتری دارند، و زنانی که در محلات قدیمی تر زندگی می کنند، احساس امنیت بیشتری در محله دارند. در نهایت میتوان گفت مناطق شهری، یکی از عوامل مؤثر بر احساس امنیت زنان در سطح محله است و قدمت مناطق شهری مهم ترین ویژگی تأثیرگذار آنها است.https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161417_f38419666cfc357a23241f9f8d6094f1.pdfدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریمطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک2228-716772420160621Mean atmospheric Circulation Leading to Pervasive Frost in Iranمیانگین گردش جوی منجر به یخبندان های فراگیر در ایران86103161418FAپیمانمحمودیدانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستانمحمودخسرویدانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدانسید ابوالفضلمسعودیاندانشگاه اصفهانبهلولعلیجانیدانشگاه تربیت معلم، تهرانJournal Article20221123Introduction
According to geographical location of Iran and relatively high elevation of most of its areas above sea-level, occurrence of frosts has many negative effects on different sections, such as agricultural, transportation and energy. Frosts are generally related to displacement and movement of cold anticyclones from northern latitudes to Iran. Wide range of synoptic characteristics is formed during occurrence of this phenomenon. Some of these characteristics include short term polar outbreaks, cold surges, cold waves and temperature extremes on each of which many climatologists and meteorologists investigated.
In this paper, monthly and seasonal circulation patterns of pervasive frosts in Iran are investigated by atmospheric fields’ maps for years with minimum and maximum frequency of pervasive frost days. Monthly and seasonal analyses are performed by comparing months and seasons during which frequency of days with pervasive frosts was greater (lower) than mean frequency.
Materials and Methods
In this research, data of daily minimum temperatures from 663 synoptic and climatology stations in Iran were used as surface environment data. These data were gathered as raw data from Iran Meteorological Organization. With these raw data, one database of daily minimum temperatures from these stations was prepared for periods October to April of 1962 to 2004.
When database of minimum temperatures in Iran were prepared, daily minimum isothermal maps for period 1 January 1962 to 31 December 2004, 9116 days, were interpolated by Kiriging Method.
Upper air variables which were used in this research include: geopotential height in terms of meter, sea level pressure in terms of Pa, zonal wind component in terms of m/s, meridional wind component in terms of m/s, temperature in terms of Kelvin, specific moisture in terms of gr/kgr. All of these data were gathered from website www.esrl.noaa.gov.
Then, frosts (means those days with temperatures less than or equalto0°C) are classified into three categories: partial frosts, semi-pervasive frosts and pervasive frosts. According to below defined criteria, each day is placed in one of above three categories:
Partial frosts: are those frosts that percentage of area with frost is less than or equal to 25 percent of total area of Iran.
Semi-pervasive frosts: those frosts that area with frost includes 25 to 65 percent of total area of Iran.
Pervasive frosts: those frosts which cover about or more than 65 percent of total area of Iran.
In next step, extreme frequencies of days with pervasive frosts, whose standard deviation is a unit less or greater than long term mean of period 1962-2004 were selected. Note that in this research total days with pervasive and semi-pervasive frosts are known as pervasive frosts. Then, determining two frosts categories, synoptic maps of various meteorological variables which correspond to defined conditions for each category were prepared.
Discussion and Result
Analysis of sea level pressure circulation patterns showed that spatial arrangement of Siberian high pressure and its interaction with two subpolar low (Icelandic low) and Sudan monsoon low systems are the main pressure factors in occurrence of maximum and minimum days with pervasive frosts in Iran. At periods with maximum days of pervasive frosts, it was observed that intensification and meridional development of subpolar low (Icelandic low) cause developed western tongue of Siberian high to shift towards lower latitudes. This shift leads to establishment of a local high pressure over Mediterranean Sea, whose anticyclonic circulation causes precipitation of cold air over western half of Iran as well as recession of meridional tongue of Sudan monsoon low to lower latitudes. Consequently, moisture and temperature are reduced over western half of Iran. Wind vector at 850 HPa level suggests an anticyclonic circulation over Mediterranean Sea.
But at periods during which minimum frequencies of days with pervasive frost occurred opposite conditions were observed. By weakening of subpolar low and consequently reduction in its zonal and meridional spatial development, meridional development of Siberian high pressure toward north of its central core increases and development of its western tongue is reduced. Then, a local low is established over Mediterranean Sea. Under these conditions, it is observed that Sudan monsoon low tongue penetrates more to higher latitudes through Red Sea. Therefore, penetration of this tongue and its combination with low over Mediterranean Sea lead to an increase in temperature and moisture over south, west and northwest of Iran. This situation is followed by a balance in cold climatic conditions over western half of Iran, which is in agreement with cyclonic circulation of wind vector at 850 Hpa level.
Conclusion
The results showed that at periods with minimum and maximum frequencies of days with pervasive frosts, intensification and meridional development of sub- polar low (Icelandic Low) causes western tongue of Siberian high pressure to shift towards lower latitudes. This shift causes a local high pressure to be established over Mediterranean Sea and anticyclonic circulation of this high pressure results in precipitation of cold air over western half of Iran as well as shift of meridional tongue of Sudan Monsoon Low to lower latitudes, which consequently reduces temperature and moisture over western half of Iran.
But at periods during which minimum frequencies of days with pervasive frost occurred opposite conditions were observed. Thus by weakening of subpolar low pressure and consequently a reduction in its zonal and meridional spatial development, meridional development of Siberian high pressure toward north of its central core increases and development of its western tongue is reduced. Therefore, a local low pressure is established over Mediterranean Sea. Under these conditions, Sudan Monsoon Low’s tongue will penetrate more toward higher latitudes through Red Sea. Thus, penetration of this tongue and its combination with low pressure over Mediterranean Sea causes temperature and moisture to decrease in south, west and northwest of Iran and this leads to a balance in cold climatic condition over western half of Iran. هدف از این مطالعه تحلیل و تعیین الگوهای همدید منجر به یخبندان های فراگیر ایران است. برای رسیدن به این هدف دمای حداقل روزانه 663 ایستگاه هواشناسی همدید و اقلیم شناسی کشور برای یک بازه زمانی 43 ساله از سال 1962 تا 2004 از سازمان هواشناسی ایران اخذ شد. در ادامه نقشه های همدمای حداقل روزانه کشور از 1/1/1962 تا 31/12/2004 به مدت 9116 روز و با استفاده از روش میانیابی کریگینگ تهیه شدند. سپس براساس یک معیار مکانی یخبندان ها به سه گروه یخبندان های جزئی (کمتر از 25 درصد از مساحت ایران)، یخبندان هائی نیمه فراگیر (بین 25 درصد تا 65 درصد) و یخبندان های فراگیر ( بیش از 65 درصد از مساحت ایران) تقسیم بندی شدند. سپس ماه ها، فصل ها و سال هایی ک یک واحد انحراف معیار پایین تر و یا بالاتر از میانگین بلندمدت روزهای همراه با یخبندان های فراگیر داشتند انتخاب و در نهایت میانگین الگوهای گردشی برای سال ها، فصل ها و ماه هایی که دارای حداکثر و حداقل فراوانی روزهای همراه با یخبندان های فراگیر بودند مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که در دوره های همراه با حداکثر فراوانی روزهای همراه با یخبندان های فراگیر تقویت و گسترش نصف النهاری کم فشار جنب قطبی (کم فشار ایسلند) باعث جابجایی زبانه غربی پرفشار سیبری به سمت عرض های جغرافیایی پایین تر می شود. این جابجایی باعث استقرار یک پرفشار موضعی بر روی دریای مدیترانه می شود که گردش واچرخندی این پرفشار علاوه بر ریزش هوای سرد بر روی نیمه غربی ایران باعث عقب راندن زبانه نصف النهاری کم فشار موسمی سودان به سمت عرض های جغرافیایی پایین تر می شود که نتیجه آن چیزی جزء کاهش رطوبت و دما بر روی نیمه غربی ایران نیست. اما در دوره های با حداقل فراوانی روزهای همراه با یخبندان های فراگیر شرایطی بر عکس دوره های حداکثری مشاهده می شود. بدین ترتیب که با تضعیف کم فشار جنب قطبی و متعاقب آن کاهش گستردگی مکانی مداری و نصف النهاری آن، پرفشار سیبری میل بیشتری به گسترش نصف النهاری در جهت شمالی کانون مرکزی خود پیدا می کند و از گستردگی زبانه غربی این سامانه پرفشار کاسته می شود. در نتیجه یک کم فشار موضعی بر روی دریای مدیترانه مستقر می شود. تحت چنین شرایطی، شاهد نفوذ بیشتر زبانه کم فشار موسمی سودان از طریق دریای سرخ به سمت عرض های جغرافیایی بالاتر است. لذا نفوذ این زبانه و ترکیب آن با کم فشار روی دریای مدیترانه باعث افزایش دما و همچنین رطوبت در جنوب، غرب و شمال غرب ایران می شود که این وضعیت تعدیل شرایط اقلیمی سرد بر روی نیمه غربی ایران را به همراه دارد. در سطح 250هکتوپاسکال نیز سرعت و موقعیت روباد حاکی از تضعیف سرعت آن بر روی ایران در زمان حداکثری روزهای همراه با یخبندان های فراگیر و تقویت سرعت آن در زمان حداقلی روزهای همراه با یخبندان های فراگیر یران دارد.https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161418_f4189e620d4b0860f6b2e31e32329c1f.pdfدانشگاه حکیم سبزواریمطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک2228-716772420160621The geomorphologic development of Chahnimesتکوین ژئومرفولوژیک چاه نیمه ها104118161419FAاحسانعطایی کیادانشگاه اصفهانعلیرضاشهبازیدانشگاه زابلمحمدحسینرامشتدانشگاه اصفهانJournal Article20221123Introduction
One of the relatively unique forms in Iran is the shallow closed and open pits which is so called “well half”. This phenomenon has been found and named in the eastern part of Iran and although some steps have been taken to utilize it, there is no precise information about its development except for general information which is kind of a guess. The well halves are the most important supply of water in Sistan plain, and big and heavily populated cities including Zahedan and Zabol. Regarding the subject of this study, two theories have been published in Persian sources. The first theory states that these well halves have been created on by the tectonic activities on Marni sediments. On the other hand, the other theory says that the well halves have been created by the aquatic erosion in the first phase and wind erosion in the second phase. This study aims to explain the creation and development of these well halves and the process causing This phenomenon.
Materials and Methods
The method used in this study is based on the form and process analysis and the feature of each pit was provided in database using graphical document, digital elevation data (DEM) and the identification of well halves and the calculation of level, volume, depth and the its balanced relation with each other. After tracking the effects of flow performance in this region and the changes in water level of Hamun Lake in Quaternary delay phase, the sequestration flow performance in open surrounding of lake and land were provided. The information on the performance of random flows in altitude and plain levels was observed and the erosion of differential in the places of flysch formation in Zahedan and the development of pits were modeled.
Discussion and Results
The conducted field studies and observations in this region make some considerable points clear. Based on the identification of the sediment streams of flows, the entrance and crossing these streams into the lake are clearly seen. Generally, the major entrance streams into the lake can be divided into 3 parts including the eastern and northern parts.
These 3 major sediment streams create the grounds for the involvement the sediment in the aquatic environment of Hamun and the major ground of most developmental models of such well halves begin from this process. Thus, the development process of well halves can specifically explained as the following:
The development of well halves is achieved mostly due to the aquatic flows and sediment on the floor of Hamun.
Although the well halves have been created in the aquatic process, they do not have the single model and based on the conducted studies and the field operation and the analysis of satellite images and a flight over the region, five different outstanding models were graphically modelled.
Among five identified models, one of them is researching model and other 4 models are erosive. In other words, just one of the five models seen in the mountainous heights has been produced by relative erosion in the sediment called Zahedan’s flysch and other four models have been formed in deltaic sediments on entrance of Hamun Lake.
Regarding five developmental models, the manageable group of pits consists of 11 pits, four of which including number 1, 2, 3, and 4 have been organized, flooded and used. Concerning the conducted studies, the amount of water that can be stored in these pits is 1900000000 cm. In addition, in order to connect the probable water stored in these pits, it is essential to review the possibility of making connection system among pits. Thus, after the geometric and topographic surveys of a system, the connection among pits was provided.
Conclusions
Regarding the conducted studies, it became clear that the well halves have five developmental models, one of which is researching model and other 4 models are erosive. In other words, just one of the five models seen in the mountainous heights has been produced by relative erosion in the sediment called Zahedan’s flysch and other four models have been formed in deltaic sediments on entrance of Hamun Lake. Thus, the phases of development and creation of well halves can be regarded as erosive phenomena that four models of its development have been exactly created from different volume of sediment in Hamun Lake and deltaic sediments of Hamund River. Based on the arguments it can be concluded the well halves that is solely an aquatic process (river, delta, lake, and relative erosion) have created special phenomenon called natural store of water in the region. Regarding the needed amount of water in this region (population: 1400000), 1800000000, that has been provided by Water Organization, it can be understood that the current nature-made pits in this region can supply the residents with the needed water. It is evident that the total amount of water from Hamun water basin is 36 billion cm and although the considerable part of rainfall evaporates, storing 1900000000 cm in well halves is feasible and it indicates that there is enough amount of money in the region.چند پدیدۀ ژئومرفیک منحصر بفرد در ایران وجود دارد که میتوان کلوتها و چاهنیمه ها را در زمره آنها تلقی نمود. در مورد نحوه تکوین چاه نیمه ها در استان سیستان و بلوچستان در کتب و مقالات انتشار یافته دو نظریه وجود دارد که یکی تکوین آنها را به فعالیت های تکتونیکی و دیگری به فرایند آب و باد نسبت داده و هنوز در مورد ارزیابی دقیق تکوین آنها مطالعات مستندی در دسترس نیست و تنها به عباراتی کلی پسنده شده است. با توجه به ابهامات متعددی که در این زمینه وجود داشت طرحی برای تحقیق پیرامون نحوه تکوین این پدیده ژئومرفیک صورت گرفت. این طرح با کالبد شکافی محدوده های گستره این پدیده در ایران و افغانستان و با اتکا به روش تحلیل فرم و فرایند و بهره جستن از تکنیک سنجش ازدور به نتایج دیگری دست یافته است که حاصل آنرا میتوان بشرح زیر خلاصه نمود:
*پدیده چاه نیمه ها دارای 5 مدل گوناگون تکوینی است که تنها یک مدل آن تحت تاثیر فرسایش دیفرانسیل فیلیش های زاهدان و آن هم در ارتفاعات تکوین یافته و مابقی حاصل فرایند آب در محیط آبی و قارهایست.
*این پدیده نادر راهبرد عمومی ذخیره اب در منطقه را تعریف میکند و تنها جایگزین ذخیره سازی آبهای سطحی و زیر زمینی در ناحیه هامون است.https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161419_b0bb2757063cec951ac953182839f47a.pdf