Abreu, L. P., Gonçalves, W. A., Mattos, E. V., Albrecht, R. I. (2020). Assessment of the total lightning flash rate density (FRD) in northeast Brazil (NEB) based on TRMM orbital data from 1998 to 2013. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 93, 102195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2020.102195
Aich, V., R. H. Holzworth, S. J. Goodman, Y. Kuleshov, C. Price, Williams, E. R., (2018). Lightning: A New Essential Climate Variable, Eos, 99. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EO104583
Albrecht, R.I., Goodman, S.J., Buechler, D.E., Blakeslee, R.J., Christian, H.J., (2016). Where are the lightning hotspots on earth? Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 97, 2051–2068. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1
Alijani, B., (1993). Mechanisms of increasing rainfall in Iran, Journal of the Faculty of Literature of Tarbiat Moalem University, 1(1), 85-101. [in Persian]
Alijani, B., (2008). Climate of Iran, 8th edition, Payamnoor University Press, Tehran. [in Persian]
Alijani, B., Jafarpour, Z., Bidakhti, A., Mofidi, A., (2007). Synoptic analysis of circulation patterns of July 1994 seasonal rainfall in Iran, Applied Research in Geographical Sciences, 7(5), 7-38. [in Persian]
Cardoso, I., Pinto, O., Pinto, I.R.C.A., Holle, R., (2014). Lightning casualty demographics in Brazil and their implications for safety rules. Atmos. Res. 135–136, 374–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.12.006
Cecil, D., Buechler, D., Blakeslee, R., (2014). Gridded lightning climatology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: dataset description. Atmospheric Research, 135–136, 404–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.028
Christian, H., (2003). Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the optical transient detector. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4005. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002347
Dayeh, M. A., Farahat, A., Ismail-Aldayeh, H., Abuelgasim, A., (2021). Effects of aerosols on lightning activity over the Arabian Peninsula. Atmospheric Research, 261, 105723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105723
Farias, W.R.G., Pinto, O., Pinto, I.R.C.A., Naccarato, K.P., (2014). The influence of urban effect on lightning activity: evidence of weekly cycle. Atmos. Res. 135–136, 370–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.007
Finney, D.L., Doherty, R.M., Wild, O., Stevenson, D.S., MacKenzie, I.A., Blyth, A.M., (2018). A projected decrease in lightning under climate change. Nat. Clim. Chang. 8, 210–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0072-6
Gharaylou, M., Sadr Dadras, P., Aliakbaribidokhti, A., Mahmoudian, A., (2021). Investigation of the relationship between air pollution and lightning during thunderstorm events of the years 2009-2013 in Tehran. Journal of Environmental Studies, 47 (2):147-159.
10.22059/JES.2021.327005.1008202 [
in presian]
Hejazizadeh, Z., Zeaiean, P., Karimi, M., Rafati. S., (2015). Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Convective Systems With Precipitation of More Than 10mm. Geography and Development, 13(39): 93-106. 10.22111/GDIJ.2015.2007 [in Persian]
Huth, R., Pokorna, L., (2005). Simultaneous analysis of climatic trends in multiple variables. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 469-484. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1146
IPCC, 1996. Climate change (1995). The science of climate change. Eds. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg and K. Maskell. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
Kastman, J., Market, P., Fox, N., Foscato, A., Lupo, A., (2017). Lightning and rainfall characteristics in elevated vs. surface based convection in the midwest that produce heavy rainfall. Atmosphere (Basel), 8, 36. 10.3390/atmos8020036
Kavyani, M., Alijani, B. (2015). The Foundations of Climatology, 19th Edition, Samt Publications, Tehran. [in Persian]
Khorshiddoust, A., Mofidi, A., Rasouli, A., Azarm, K., (2016). A Synoptic analysis for the occurrence of springtime heavy rainfall in the Northwest of Iran. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 5(8): 53-82. 10.22111/JNEH.2016.2783 [in Persian]
Krause, A., Kloster, S., Wilkenskjeld, S., Paeth, H., (2014). The sensitivity of global wildfires to simulated past, present, and future lightning frequency. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 119, 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JG002502
Lavigne T, Liu C, Liu N., (2019). How does the trend in thunder days relate to the variation of lightning flash density? J Geophys Res, 124, 4955–74. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029920
Li, J., Wu, X., Yang, J., Jiang, R., Yuan, T., Lu, J., Sun, M., (2020). Lightning activity and its association with surface thermodynamics over the Tibetan Plateau, Atmospheric Research, 245, 105118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105118
Lin-Lin, Z., Jian-Hua, S., Jie, W., (2010). Thunder events in China: 1980-2008. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 3(4), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2010.11446866
Ma M, Tao S, Zhu B, (2005). Response of global lightning activity to air temperature variation. Chin. Sci. Bull., 50, 2640–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03183663
Mofidi, A., Zarin, A., Janbaz, G., (2008). Determining the synoptic pattern of autumn heavy and extreme precipitations on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, Journal of thr Earth and Space Physics, 33(3):131-154. 20.1001.1.2538371.1386.33.3.10.7 [in Persian]
Ni, X., Zhang, Q., Liu, C., Li, X., Zou, T., Lin, J., Ren, Z., (2017). Decreased hail size in China since 1980. Scientific reports, 7(1), 10913. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11395-7
Orville, R., Henderson, R. W., (1986). Global distribution of midnight lightning: September 1977 to August 1978. Mon. Weather Rev. 119, 573-577. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<2640:GDOMLS>2.0.CO;2
Peterson, W. A., Rutledge, S. A., (1998). On the relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and convective rainfall. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14025-14040. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02064
Price C, Asfur M., (2006). Can lightning observations be used as an indicator of uppertropospheric water vapor variability? Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 87, 291–8. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26217147.
Price, C. G., (2013). Lightning applications in weather and climate research, Surv. Geophys., 34(6), 755–767. 10.1007/s10712-012-9218-7
Qie, K., Qie, X., Tian, W., (2021). Increasing trend of lightning activity in the South Asia region. Science Bulletin, 66, 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.033
Qie, K., Tian, W., Wang, W., Wu, X., Yuan, T., Tian, H., Luo, J.,Zhang, R., Wang, T., (2020). Regional trends of lightning activity in the tropics and subtropics, Atmospheric Research, 242, 104960.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104960.
Rafati, S., Fatahi, E., (2022). Effects of Regional Thermodynamic Parameters on Lightning Flash Density as an Indicator of Convective Activity Over Southwest Iran, Pure and Applied Geophysics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-03002-2.
Rafati, S., Hejazizadeh, Z., Karimi, M., (2014). Synoptic Analysis of the Conditions for Occurrence of Mesoscale Convective Systems. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 46(2): 137-156. 10.22059/JPHGR.2014.51421 [in Persian]
Rasuli, A., Javan, K. (2011). Analyzing the occurrence of thunderstorms in the western half of Iran using non-parametric tests, Geographical Space, 12(38), 111-126. [in Persian]
Rasuli, A., Khorshiddoust, A., Fakhari Vahed, M., (2018). Investigating the frequency distribution of lightning and its relation with elevation in Southeast of Iran. SEPEHR, 27(106): 169-178.
20.1001.1.25883860.1397.27.106.12.6 [in Persian]
Romps, D.M., Seeley, J.T., Vollaro, D., Molinari, J., (2014). Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming. Science, 346, 851–854. 10.1126/science.125910
Saif, M., (1996). Studying the distribution of hail in Iran, Master's Thesis, Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran. [in Persian]
Sonnadara, U., (2016). Spatial and temporal variations of thunderstorm activities over Sri Lanka. Theoretical and applied climatology, 124(3-4), 621-628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1442-x
Taszarek, M., Allen, J., Pْčik, T., Groenemeijer, P., Czernecki, B., Kolendowicz, L., Lagouvardos, K., Kotroni, V., Schulz, W., (2019). A climatology of thunderstorms across Europe from a synthesis of multiple data sources. J. Clim. 32, 1813–1837. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0372.1
Williams E, Guha A, Boldi R, Christian, H., Buechler, D., (2019). Global lightning activity and the hiatus in global warming. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys, 189, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2019.03.011
Williams, E. R., (2009). The global electrical circuit: A review. Atmospheric Research, 91(2-4), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.05.018
Wu, X., Yuan, T., Qie, K., Luo, J., (2020). Geographical distribution of extreme deep and intense convective storms on Earth. Atmos. Res. 235, 104789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104789
Zhang, Q., Ni, X., & Zhang, F., (2017). Decreasing trend in severe weather occurrence over China during the past 50 years. Scientific Reports, 7, 42310. 10.1038/srep42310
Zipser, E. J., Cecil, D. J., Liu, C., Nesbitt, S. W., Yorty, D. P., (2006). Where are the most: intense thunderstorms on Earth? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87, 1057–1071. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-87-8-1057
